A Beginners Guide to Statistics

How many calories did each of us eat for breakfast? How far from home did everyone travel today? How big is the place that we call home? How many other people call it home? To make sense of all of this information, certain tools and ways of thinking are necessary. The mathematical science called statistics is what helps us to deal with this information overload. Statistics is the study of numerical information, called data. Statisticians acquire, organize, and analyze data. Each part of this process is also scrutinized. The techniques of statistics are applied to a multitude of other areas of knowledge. Below is an introduction to some of the main topics throughout statistics. Populations and Samples One of the recurring themes of statistics is that we are able to say something about a large group based on the study of a relatively small portion of that group. The group as a whole is known as the population. The portion of the group that we study is the sample. As an example of this, suppose we wanted to know the average height of people living in the United States. We could try to measure over 300 million people, but this would be infeasible. It would be a logistical nightmare conduct the measurements in such a way that no one was missed and no one was counted twice. Due to the impossible nature of measuring everyone in the United States, we could instead use statistics. Rather than finding the heights of everyone in the population, we take a statistical sample of a few thousand. If we have sampled the population correctly, then the average height of the sample will be very close to the average height of the population. Acquiring Data To draw good conclusions, we need good data to work with. The way that we sample a population to obtain this data should always be scrutinized. Which kind of sample we use depends on what question we’re asking about the population. The most commonly used samples are: Simple RandomStratifiedClustered It’s equally important to know how the measurement of the sample is conducted. To go back to the above example, how do we acquire the heights of those in our sample? Do we let people report their own height on a questionnaire?Do several researchers throughout the country measure different people and report their results?Does a single researcher measure everyone in the sample with the same tape measure? Each of these ways of obtaining the data has its advantages and drawbacks. Anyone using the data from this study would want to know how it was obtained. Organizing the Data Sometimes there is a multitude of data, and we can literally get lost in all of the details. It’s hard to see the forest for the trees. That’s why it’s important to keep our data well organized. Careful organization and graphical displays of the data help us to spot patterns and trends before we actually do any calculations. Since the way that we graphically present our data depends upon a variety of factors. Common graphs are: Pie charts or circle graphsBar or pareto graphsScatterplotsTime plotsStem and leaf plotsBox and whisker graphs In addition to these well-known graphs, there are others that are used in specialized situations. Descriptive Statistics One way to analyze data is called descriptive statistics. Here the goal is to calculate quantities that describe our data. Numbers called the mean, median and mode are all used to indicate the average or center of the data. The range and standard deviation are used to say how spread out the data is. More complicated techniques, such as correlation and regression describe data that is paired. Inferential Statistics When we begin with a sample and then try to infer something about the population, we are using inferential statistics. In working with this area of statistics, the topic of hypothesis testing arises. Here we see the scientific nature of the subject of statistics, as we state a hypothesis, then use statistical tools with our sample to determine the likelihood that we need to reject the hypothesis or not. This explanation is really just scratching the surface of this very useful part of statistics. Applications of Statistics It is no exaggeration to say that the tools of statistics are used by nearly every field of scientific research. Here are a few areas that rely heavily on statistics: PsychologyEconomicsMedicineAdvertisingDemography The Foundations of Statistics Although some think of statistics as a branch of mathematics, it is better to think of it as a discipline that is founded upon mathematics. Specifically, statistics is built up from the field of mathematics known as probability. Probability gives us a way to determine how likely an event is to occur. It also gives us a way to talk about randomness. This is key to statistics because the typical sample needs to be randomly selected from the population. Probability was first studied in the 1700s by mathematicians such as Pascal and Fermat. The 1700s also marked the beginning of statistics. Statistics continued to grow from its probability roots and really took off in the 1800s. Today, it’s theoretical scope continues to be enlarged in what is known as mathematical statistics.

Relational Database Systems And Relational Databases

Relational Database Systems The idea of relational database was first introduced by E.F.Codd at IBM in 1970. It is a kind of computer database in which data is stored in Relations and is represented in the form of tables with rows and columns. Databases can vary in sizes, ranging from very small and simple to very large and complex ones. Database users can access the data practically in an unlimited number of ways. Relational databases help in finding the information in a quick and efficient manner that one is looking for.Today many popular databases use the model of relational database. The invention of relational databases have brought a number of changes to the business world in which they operate specially for the businesses whose prime focus is on its customers, their likes and dislikes to win more market share. There is no such concept as â€Å"one size fits all† in using this technology, it varies from industry to industry. One thing may work for some businesses and may not work for others, therefore it is advisable that one should shop around before investing in any of the technologies because it is vital to find an industry-specific solution. One technique to narrow the search for industry-specific solutions is to find out what our competitors are using to gain more customer base. When it comes to customers, the use of relational database management systems can help in linking various features of business electronically, like connecting a customer with specific productShow MoreRelatedRelational Database System ( Rdbms ) Essay1010 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction Relational Database was proposed by Edgar Codd around the time 1969.It has become dominant for commercial applications. In the 20th century there are countless Relational Database System (RDBMS) take for instance: IBM.DB2 and Oracle. Glossary The following are the main terms and concepts related to the named model: 1. 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However, these databases are facing several challenges with the requirements of many organizations like high scalability and availability. They cannot deal with huge amount of data and requests efficiently. As a result, famous organizations such as Google and Amazon shift from RDBMS to NoSQL databases. NoSQL databases have several features that overcome issues. This paper explains features, principles, and data modelsRead MoreThe Importance Of A Relational Database Management System1241 Words   |  5 PagesWe know that a Relational Database Management System is required for manipulating data in an efficient manner. Therefore, many applications and web servers adopted this technology for storing, retrieving and manipulating their data. This system was working well until the advent of Big Data. From the early 21st century when the web data started growing in an exponential way, the conventional RDBMS system were unable to cope up with the advancement of this huge data traffic. Therefore, developersRead MoreRelational Database Management Systems ( Rdbms )1104 Words   |  5 Pagesdata is called big data and the insights from big data can help examine trends, understand customer preferences and help the organizations take better decisions which results in better customer service and effective marketing. Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS) provides an efficient way for storage and processing of data but have limitations when it comes to handling Big Data. Apache Hadoop is an open source framework and its helps in the distributed processing of Big Data. HadoopRead MoreRelational Database Management System ( Rdbms )996 Words   |  4 Pagesevaluation of how Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) can be applied to improve organization and business effectiveness. The method of analysis includes basic information of Relational Database Management System and reference of how database management can bring positive improvement on manage small or large amount of information in the organization. Also, include a brief information of business those are successful in their field’s thanks of the application of database system in their organizationsRead MoreRelational Database Management System ( Rdbms )10516 Words   |  43 PagesAbstract: In Nowadays, there are two major of database management systems which are use to deal with data, the first one called Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) which is the traditional relational databases, it deals with structured data and have been popular since decades since 1970, while the second one called Not only Structure Query Language databases (NoSQL), they are dealing with semi-structured and unstructured data; the NoSQL types are gaining their popularity with the developmentRead MoreRelational Database Management Systems ( Rdbmss ) Essay731 Words   |  3 Pages hundreds, perhaps more than a thousand heterogeneous databases are currently operating. Some divisions have standardized the database technology on Oracle, while others are using a combination of Sybase, MySQL, SQL Server, etc. These Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMSs), supporting many databases and applications and each hosted on dedicated servers, are often under-utilizing the server resources available to them. Such a database infrastructure, therefore, is not cost-, or resource-effectiveRead MoreRelational Database Model And Key Value Store Data Model Of No Sql Database System1327 Words   |  6 PagesCOMPARISON OF RELATIONAL DATABASE MODEL AND KEY-VALUE STORE DATA MODEL OF NO SQL DATABASE SYSTEM: The Relational database system and the key-value store model of No SQL database systems are both appropriate database methods depending on the way they are being implemented and the purpose of the business for which they are being incorporated. However, both the database approaches have distinct wide variety of characteristics, based on which they can be compared and contrasted in the following way.Read More Relational and Object-oriented Database Management Systems Essay2156 Words   |  9 PagesRelational and Object-oriented Database Management Systems A database is a â€Å"shared collection of logically related data designed to meet the information needs of multiple users in an organization† (Hoffer 709). Databases contain data records or files, such as sales transactions, product catalogs and inventories, and customer profiles. Databases allows multiple users in an organization to easily access, manage, store, and update data when needed. A database management system is software

What Is Technology Assessment Essay Example For Students

What Is Technology Assessment? Essay EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis report aims to familiarize and to provide an understanding of Technology Assessment both in its past and present form. Its different viewpoints, approaches, tools and methods, which are all relevant to the engineering decision-maker and analyst alike, are discussed. The four different Technology Assessment paradigms as described by Eijnhoven (1997) along with the views of lecturers in this subject on the question What is Technology Assessment? , is also discussed and analysed. By understanding the roots of technological assessment and its impacts on everyday life, one can recognize and appreciate the importance of its presence in an ever-changing environment. The first part of this report aims to achieve this. The second part of this report describes the increased need for engineers to incorporate Technology Assessment into engineering decision making and its practice. Different engineering disciplines will see Technology Assessment in different perspectives. How they will approach a particular problem through the different environmental, social, technical, economic and political factors is part of the decision making process (Taylor, 2000). THE NEED FOR TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENTBrief HistoryIn the post-war era, the necessity of taking into account social costs and benefits as well as private costs and benefits became apparent. At the time, problems relating to forecasting the future consequences of complex technologies became more and more obvious (Freeman 1995). Such an example if the issue of nuclear power. The limitations of a purely economics-based assessment of social and environmental problems had become clear. It was in these circumstances that techniques of Technology Assessment began to be used in an attempt to overcome the short-comings and limitations of cost-benefit analysis. Thus, Technology Assessment was adopted by U.S Congress and governments from around the world and was widely recognised through the need to make publicly available assessment of the potential risks, hazards, costs and benefits of developing new technologies. It also sparked the importance of parliamentary control of assessment procedures and the involvement of diverse disciplines. ReflectionsAn example of developing new technologies would be the resource presentation by Wahidul Biswas on Socio-Technical Design in Mechanical Engineering. In his presentation, Wahidul talks about the consequences of new technologies, that is, social and environmental aspects. New technologies (NTs) centers less on the numbers employed (a social aspect) and leads to incomplete combustion and biomass consumption in developing countries (an environmental aspect). Technology Assessment as described in Eijnhoven readings by the lecture from Bronwyn Holland as a metaphor that Technology Assessment illuminates the darkness/opacity of the technology society interface (Eijnhoven 1997). This is quite true. In a society where nothing is very open, Technology Assessment is necessary to bring technology and society to light, so to speak, in order to gain a better understanding. One important purpose of technology assessment, in general, will be continual improvement. By using evaluation results, one will better understand how a technological product or process is working and where it is headed. With this greater understanding, better decisions can be made that will improve/refine the life of the product or process in the long run. Examples would include:? radiation ? nuclear energy ? fuel emissions Negative effects of the above, in general, are becoming positive effects through the continual implementation of technology assessment. Another good example would be in the area of Health Technologies. The resource presentation by Hung Nguyen on Design issues in Electrical Engineering talks about the need to design a non-invasive hypoglycaemia monitor capable of monitoring hypoglycaemia conditions, without extracting blood or body fluid. Technology assessment is necessary in designing such a device for diabetic patients. Using new and improving technology, more advanced monitoring systems can be designed and implemented to better fulfil society. Engineers are currently working on such a device. As stated in his lecture, there is no hypoglycaemia monitor in the market at present. There are many different reasons to evaluate a particular technology. Many people think of an assessment as a nerve-wracking process meant to determine continued funding or recognition. Although making decisions on continued funding or recognition could be a purpose of technology assessment, there are many other reasons why one should assess technology. Some of these reasons are: ? To provide information to engineers and others on aspects of the technology that work well and the potential problems that arises. ? To catch potential problems early in the technology product so they can be corrected before more serious problems occur further down the track. ? To guide further assessment efforts. For instance, an assessment may bring to light; issues that need to be examined in greater detail or an initial evaluation of a technology product implementation may be used, in part, to guide a later assessment of long-term impact. ? To provide information on what technical assistance may be needed. ? To determine what impact the technology product is having on users in our society. So, to answer the question Why do we need technology assessment? in my view, has two major parts:1. To find out if the technological product is beginning to produce desired results that one aims for. For example:? Has the product improved over existing model/product Is it comparatively cost effective Does it have a place in society? If so, how useful is it Are all major factors considered? That is, environmental, social, technical, economical, cultural and political factors?2. To obtain information on implementing the product. UNDERSTANDING TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENTWhat is Technology Assessment?There is no one straight answer or definition to this question. Technology assessment has taken on many forms and approaches and is viewed differently by each individual. It is however, can be agreed that technology assessment has established itself as a new form of interdisciplinary technology research where engineers from all disciplines and other parties come together to assess a particular technology. Two definitions, which I believe, are good approaches to understanding Technology Assessment are:? Technology assessment is a class of policy studies which systematically examine the effects on society that may occur when a technology is introduced, extended or modified. It emphasizes those consequences that are unintended, indirect or delayed (Coates 1980)? Technology assessment is an attempt to establish an early warning system to detect, control, and direct technological changes and developments so as to maximise th e public good while minimising the public risks (Cetron 1972)There are four main types of TA approaches, which can be distinguished (Ende et al 1997):1. Awareness TA: forecasting technological developments and their impacts to warn for unintended or undesirable consequences. 2. Strategic TA: supporting specific actors or groups of actors in formulating their policy or strategy with respect to a specific technological development. 3. Constructive TA: broadening the decision process about technological development, to shape the course of technological development in socially desirable directions. 4. Backcasting: developing scenarios of desirable futures and starting innovation processes based on these scenarios. Technology assessment analyses are studies which:? comprehensively and systematically analyse and evaluate the prerequisites for and the positive and negative impact of introducing and (widely) applying technologies;? identify areas of social conflict created by technology applications and? Point out and review optimal courses of action (options) for improving the technologies considered and their terms of application. The Starting points for technology assessment are either from a concrete project, a specific technology or a perceived problem. There are three Technology Assessment studies usually undertaken:1. Project-induced TA-studies: Investigation of technology applications that are prototypical. 2. Technology-induced TA-studies: Address the issue of using a technology and its consequences for industry, the environment and society within the framework of a broad range of known or potential applications. 3. Problem-induced TA-studies: These studies attempt to point out possible alternative (technical) solutions for foreseeable problems, such as in the areas of transport, energy supply, environmental issues etc.) and to analyse their impacts. The four paradigms as defined by EijnhovenJ.C.M Van Eijnhoven, a professor of technology assessment had devised through extensive research, the four paradigms of technology assessment: the classical paradigm; the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) paradigm; public technology assessment paradigm; and constructive technology (CTA) paradigm. Classical ParadigmThe classical paradigm emphasized early warning and the neutral character of the information to be provided. OTA ParadigmOTA assessments were not so directed at early warning, but at the development of policy makers. The careful balancing of participation of the U.S Congress, stakeholders and academics provided a mechanism leading to authoritative reports. Public TA ParadigmConcentrates on actively seeking participation of a wider public. The emphasis here is much less on the production of authoritative reports than on social processes that may help shape technology in society. In countries other than the United States, much more emphasis is placed upon a lack of interaction among experts, representatives and the public with respect to science and technology issues (Eijnhoven 1997). Public TA paradigm aims to bridge the gap between the public and private sectors while at the same time, expanding the relationship between people and technology. Sati System EssayTechnology Assessment (TA), I believe should be incorporated right across the engineering range of disciplines. It should be implemented at the beginning and finish of a project or product, to ensure the above-mentioned relevant factors are taken into consideration, and that the engineers decision, in the end, is the right one. Different TA tools and methods will be implemented by different engineering disciplines. TA studies should also be done to ensure the project viability and the risks as an outcome from products, structures, substances created by engineers is minimised or avoided. Engineering necessarily involves risks. Even if engineers did not innovate but rather designed things in the same way year after year, the chance of producing harm would exist. New hazards could be found in products, processes and chemicals once thought to be safe (Harris et al 1995). The element of risk is greatly increased because engineers are constantly involved in innovation. Examples:? Civil engineers and Builders constructing a bridge or building with new materials or with a new design ? Mechanical engineers designing new machines? Chemical engineers synthesizing new chemical compoundsThis is usually always done without the full knowledge of their long-term effects on humans or the environment. Thus, TA becomes crucial in reducing these effects. By implementing TA-studies, knowledge of the dangers associated with new technology can be avoided or minimised. Incorporating factors into the engineering decision making processAs mentioned in the overview, engineering disciplines have different social, technical, economic and political forces that shape their decision making process. This is quite true. Different engineering disciplines will have different views on a particular subject or project. Each engineer would have been taught to think differently and act/respond accordingly and so the engineering phrase there is more than one way to design something is quite true. ExamplesTypical examples of the different disciplines that incorporate the various factors into their decision making process is in the medical technologies and IT industry. While most assessments of medical technologies focus narrowly on their cost effectiveness, a more important question for technology assessment involves the decision making process that accompanies it. In addition one knows little information about the different roles played by different actors in the development and implementation of medical technology such as hospitals, as well as financial institutions (example, health care insurers). (Weijers 1995). Decision making on such medical technologies such as insulin fusion pumps used for the treatment of diabetics was quite interesting as it was a new technology whose optimal use pattern was (and remains) unknown. Here, different factors such as social, economical, technical, health factors and approaches are incorporated into the decision making process. Decision-making is often limited to the efficiency of the technology as such amongst other factors, and is based on the technologys state of the art at that moment. Rarely do decision-makers take into account the possibility that a technology might change, through research and development, or that new organisations or involved parties might change its application. Another example of decision making processes incorporating the various factors is in the Information Technology industry. Social, economical, technical and political factors are the important ones to consider when assessing, producing and implementing new technologies. Whereas IT has been a steadily growing element of society for the last 50 years, one is now faced with a situation where IT in many respects is setting the standard for communication between organisations. Traditional means are no longer a cost-effective alternative and will therefore be replaced. With individuals, IT is starting to become a part of everyday life. Examples include:? Electronic transfer of money instead of cash payments? Mobile phones ? Video conferencing? The InternetAll these are popular examples, which indicate changes in everyday life. Another example is in communication with authorities, where personal data is sometimes only available on computer. A growing concern whilst dealing with IT is IT-security. The three main areas are:? Continuity the availability of information to the organisation or individual? Integrity level of trust one can put on the information processed, transmitted or stored. ? Privacy who is allowed to see what informationEach engineering discipline will incorporate different factors in regards to their decision making process. For example, a Civil Engineer on a specific project, say, building a road, would need to consider all, if not most of the factors listed previously. Whilst an Environmental Engineer would probably concentrate on the environmental, cultural, and social factors associated with building a road. But both would collaborate with one another to achieve an optimal goal or end product. This leads to the issue of interdisciplinary research. Interdisciplinary ResearchAs mentioned earlier, Technology Assessment has established itself as a new form of interdisciplinary technology research where engineers from all disciplines and other parties come together to assess a particular technology. Technology and society is quite clearly approached from different directions by different disciplines not just engineers. These include economists, technologists, scientists etc. Different engineering disciplines with their different assumptions and methods are brought into contact with one another as evident with any project undertaken or development of new technology. Decisions are made, during the research stage of new technologies and of new equipment, which will later force all efforts to design the jobs in connection with them. This research phase should therefore attract other disciplines other than engineering such as social scientists. Indeed, there are similarities and differences existent in the way socio-technical information is sought in the various disciplines. The basic model drawn on the previous page is typical of the engineering decision making process that engineers use to plan, implement and design a particular project. This model can also be used in other disciplines. ConclusionFrom this report one can conclude by saying that Technology Assessment is vital in all aspects of society and not just in engineering alone. Through the different approaches, viewpoints, tools and methods of technology assessment we can gain a better understanding of the processes involved and to produce, refine and implement new and existing technologies to better fulfil our daily lives. Through the understanding of paradigms classical, OTA, public and Constructive (as described by Eijnhoven), we can try and relate it to real-life situations and engineering applications. The need for Technology Assessment to be incorporated at the design phase of a project is crucial and fundamental in the way Engineering design is undertaken by the various Engineering disciplines. The issue of Interdisciplinary research and collaboration is achieved through the use of Technology Assessment tools and techniques. Also, the different social, technical, economic and political factors are all factors which influence the way decision making processes are made through different engineering disciplines. Technology Assessment has taken on many forms during this era and is varied through each individual and/or organisation. It has an enormous impact on my future as a practising engineer. REFERENCESTaylor, Elizabeth. 2000 48270 Technology Assessment Study Guide Notes s2000 1, Freeman, Christopher, 1995. Preface to Managing Technology in Society. Managing Technology and Society, 1995, p. ix. Pinter PublishersEijnhoven, Josee Van 1997 Technology Assessment : Product or Process?Technological Forecasting and Social Change, vol 54Biswas, Wahidul 2000 Socio-Technical Design in Mechanical EngineeringResource Presentation 2000Holland, BroTechnology Essays

Music as a Relaxation Technique

Abstract In this paper, I outline the effect of music as a natural laxative and explore studies that have been done to examine the effect of music on our health. Though Dr. Seaward’s work on stress management is extensive, I have taken the liberty to explore a number of other, equally authoritative studies on music as well.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Music as a Relaxation Technique specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction The power of slow and quiet music as an effective relaxation technique is widely acknowledged because of its strong link to our emotions. In addition, music has a physiological effect on our bodies. Slow and moderate tempo music counteracts the effects of stress by reducing the production of stress hormones. In addition, it lowers the heart rate and blood pressure. Classical music has particularly been known to be quite effective in relieving stress and making the listener rela x. Research and Studies on Music’s Effect on Health Recent scientific studies show that singing along one’s favourite music can also have a great releasing effect on tension. Again, calming music may also help induce sleep, and by extension relieve stress (Seaward, 2012). The relaxing effect may also be explained from the fact that slow music also tends to slow down the brain and induce the release of ‘feel-good’ hormones (Seaward, 2012). Meditation is a powerful relaxation technique, and it can be easily induced by music. The sounds of nature, sometimes incorporated into musical compositions, have a tendency to call forth a soothing effect. This in turn induces a relaxed mood and stress relief (Collingwood, 2007). Given the strong correlation that music has with meditation and stress reduction, the discipline and practice of stress therapy has slowly come to the forefront as an important tool for stress management (Collingwood, 2007). Additionally,  "when used in combination with biofeedback techniques, music can reduce tension and facilitate the relaxation response† (Collingwood, 2007, Music Therapy, para. 1). Though it is generally agreed that listening to music produces relaxation, it is not yet widely agreed what genre is most effective. In a research study by Valorie Salimpor from Rotman Institute in Toronto (cited in Landau, 2013), participants listened to 60 excerpts of music they had never heard before while in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) machine. Findings from this research indicated that certain components of the brain, that is, the nucleus accumbens and the temporal gyrus play a role in determining which music one is likely to like. Their work is based on ‘templates’ that have been stored in the brain which pre-dispose individuals to like music they have listened to more often than that which they have not (Landau, 2013).Advertising Looking for report on alternative medicine ? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another study corroborated the thesis that music has physiological benefits. Cited by Landau (2013), the study involved researchers looking at the effect of music to patients just about to go into surgery. Randomly, participants were either given anti-anxiety drugs or listen to music. The patient’s own ratings of their own anxiety were monitored as well as the level of the stress hormone cortisol. It was found that those who listened to music had less anxiety compared to those who took anti-anxiety pills. In the same study, the researchers also discovered that music bolsters the immune system in their evidence that music is closely linked to Immunoglobin A, an antibody.  In an experiment by Dr. Mike Miller, the effects of music on the cardiovascular system were tested using high-tech imaging. Miller measured blood vessel size during a music-listening session. He found that listening to mus ic that one enjoys tends to open up and relax the blood vessels and also produce chemicals protective to the heart (Willingham, 2009). This profound effect on physiological processes may be what brings about a corresponding psychological effect of relaxation. References Collingwood, J. (2007). The Power of Music to Reduce Stress. Web. Landau, E. (2013, April 15). This is your brain on music. Web. Seaward, B.L. (2012). Managing stress: Principles and strategies for health and well- being (7th Edition). Burlington, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Willingham, V. (2009, May 11). The power of music: It’s a real heart opener. Web.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Music as a Relaxation Technique specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This report on Music as a Relaxation Technique was written and submitted by user Dayton Ortiz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Bombs on Japanese Essays

Bombs on Japanese Essays Bombs on Japanese Essay Bombs on Japanese Essay A figure of analyses have been conducted on the bombing action that was carried out in the month of August the twelvemonth 19 40 five by the US on Nipponese metropoliss. This bombardment was really important since it resulted to a really big figure of deceases and farther effects which are still apparent in some people including those caused by radiation. The chief ground as to why this action has attracted a broad scope to philosophical analysis is that ; despite the fact that so many people died from the bombardment. US authorities still keep it that their action was grounded on morality. They argue that they had saved greater harm from ensuing from war and should be thanked instead than condemned. ETHICS ANALYSIS Introduction When Second World War was coming to an terminal. US grew impatient and decided to rush up its stoping. US made usage of atomic bombs to assail Japan which managed to kill a big Nipponese population and injuring a larger figure as good. This action carried out by US has been widely analyzed by philosophers with John Stuart being one of them. John has based his analysis on the bombardment morality which contributes to a deeper apprehension of events that took topographic point. causes every bit good as effects that accompanied the action. He begins with observing that the bombing action was among the most important events that took topographic point during the Second World War. The existent bombardment took topographic point in two topographic points ; one was dropped in Nagasaki while the other bombardment took topographic point in Hiroshima. Two hundred thousand people died instantly the bombardment was carried out while about one hundred and 30 thousand more people lost their lives in a period of five old ages that followed. The subsequent deceases were caused by aftermath effects of bombing including injury and radiation. Further more. about three hundred thousand people are found to endure from bombing effects in several ways including disablement. Daniels ( 2008 pp 37-40 ) Morality of US Bombings on Japan Despite the fact that bombing caused great harm on Japan citizens. American authorities has non taken a minute to apologise for its annihilating actions. On the contrary. Americans led by Harry Truman have opted to warrant their actions giving moral grounds as to why they attacked Japan even after they had lost war. One such case where this has happened is when Truman was composing about the issue in 19 50 eight where he commented that he did non hold any reserves refering the bombardment. These words reached the Japanese in good clip and metropolis council of Hiroshima criticized Truman’s words observing that they signified great befoulment to people affected by the bombardment. Alternatively of worsening his statement. Truman arranged a meeting where he addressed an American imperativeness conference sketching justification for bombardment. He said that Japan tempted the US to move since they had attacked them at the Harbor of Pearl earlier before the bombardment and this was merely a pay back . Truman’s remarks were backed by other Americans who were eager to demo the morality of bombing among them being Paul Fussell. who had a incredulity in war. Paul argued that retaliation from US did non stand for a sensible motivation though it was still America’s motivation when it was destructing Nipponese Empire. Paul besides point out on disbelieve on Americans who regard the 19 40 five bombardment as an action of force that they did non back up since during the existent clip of bombardment. about every American was delighted. The delectation did non merely come from the fact that war period was shortened which saved a great figure of Americans from diing but besides for the ground that Nipponese deserved to be punished for assailing American military personnels at the seaport of Pearl. More grounds. of Americans’ delectation was noted where about 20 three per centum of them suggested on dropping of more bombs on Nipponese. Mearsheimer ( 2001 pp 17-24 )

Iago in Othello essays

Iago in Othello essays An education is the most important thing that every country has to focus on and support. In Laos, it is the small country and lacks high technology, especially about educational systems because Laos is a developing country. For all levels of education, it is facing many challenges and has also a limited budget. And, it isnt easy to resolve the problems of illiteracy, particularly people in rural areas. Even in the city, schools are not enough for the increasing number of students. On the other hand, the United State, which has educational institutions that are opened to all qualified students from around the world. So, in Laos, there are many challenges that are so different from the U.S concerning education systems. Grade schools and colleges in the U.S have both positive as well as negative aspects. Children can enter school when they are 5 years old. At the same time, the children have to start studying from kinder-garden through 12 th grade. Every school does not have rules to control what the students should wear when they go to school. The students have independently to choose their cloths depending on which season or fashion such as short pants, jeans, any kinds of dresses and shirts, and other things. Ladies allow putting on makeup as much as they want to. Also, they can choose any hair styles and colors their hair, and their nails can be allowed to grow and be painted. In addition, all students do not know how to respect their teachers; for instance, during the class, they chew gum and put on a hat. When they want to so out the class, they just walk out without their teachers permissions. Also, every school has transportation to take the students to school. That is the school-bus. It is comfortable for parents who do not have time for their children. The schools have students service; for example, the health care programs to cover their medical when they get an ill or an injury for ...

Anomalies of Water Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Anomalies of Water - Essay Example This is because the two hydrogen atoms have special way of bonding to the one oxygen atom whereby they get bonded to the top of the molecule. Subsequently, â€Å"this molecular structure gives the water molecule polarity or a lopsided electrical charge that attracts other atoms† (Home Science Tools, 2012). Because the molecule formed is charged to attract other atoms, it makes water gain its strong bonding, making surface tension and formation of droplets possible. Without any doubt, this anomaly of water makes it arguably the most important liquid, significant for life on earth. If for nothing at all, it is known that â€Å"It covers about 70% of Earths surface and it makes up 65-75% of our bodies (82% of our blood is water).† What this means is that without the stretching property of water, transport through 70% of the earth’s surface would have been cut off and made impossible because ships, boats and other water vessels would not have been able to travel on the surface of water. These objects would have simply sunk deep under water. Again, knowing that rains come in the form of droplets, the world would also have lacked the rain drops because water would have perhaps not had the property to flow all the way from the skies to the earth. This shows how perfectly water matches up in God’s design for the earth and life because as much as life would not have existed without water; water has been made in a way that makes it easier to be part of